Fine Grinding vs Lapping

What is Fine Grinding?

• Fine Grinding is a batch-mode abrasive machining process that combines the speed and aggressiveness of super abrasive wheels with accuracy of lapping kinematics to produce flat and parallel work piece surfaces.
• The cutting tool consists of an upper and lower wheel composed of diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) with different bond types (vitrified bond, resin bond or metal bond) and act as the support plates for the work pieces.
• The machine tool has evolved from the vertical double-wheel lapping machine design with a planetary work drive system, also known as “lapping kinematics”.
• In place of lapping wheels, grinding wheels are fitted and cooled through labyrinth in the working wheels and a coolant fed through holes in the upper wheel.
• Since Fine Grinding requires higher forces and uses higher cutting speeds, motors, gears and the rigidity of the machines are much stronger than lapping machines.
• Work pieces are guided between the upper and lower working wheel in an epicyclical path as defined by inner and outer pin ring, upper and lower working wheel, speeds and directions, while material removal takes place simultaneously on both sides.

FIne Grinding Technology

Definition of the Tooling Methods

• Lapping flat parts – single or double-side) is the abrasive machining process for removing material using a loose abrasive in a liquid mixture (known as a slurry) at low speeds.
• Loose abrasive is moving over the surface under pressure , will knead, abrade, chip or scrape away the surface of the workpiece . By exceeding the bending strength the material breaks out.
• Fine Grinding (flat parts – single or double-side) is the abrasive machining process for removing material using a bonded Superabrasive wheel at low speed with a liquid to keep the part cool. The fixed grain of a geometrically indefinable cutting shape acts like a plow and material is removed by micro-grooving /-cutting . The chip formation occurs by exceeding the shearing strength.

Kinematics of the Fine Grinding Process

Fine Grinding generally follows the same kinematic principle as lapping. The workpieces are held in carriers which are driven to describe a planetary motion covering the full surface of the Fine Grinding wheel. The drive mechanism consists of an inner and outer pin ring. The outer ring is generally fixed while the inner ring rotates in either the opposing or the same direction as the lower working wheel to create a series of epicyclic rotations.

Fine Grinding vs Lapping

Fine Grinding

• Performed with super abrasive (diamond or cubic boron nitride - CBN) wheels
• Stock removal caused by micro grooving / -cutting
• Fine-ground surface has cross-hatched marks
• Coolant is recycled
• Fine-ground parts are coated only with a thin layer of coolant and therefore only minimal workpiece cleaning is necessary
• Wheel speeds are typically 2 – 15 m/s
•  3 – 20 times faster than lapping (removal rate)

Lapping 

• Lapping is a working process, during which workpiece and tool slide over one another on a loosely applied medium (lapping compound) and are subject to continually changing direction of rotation.
• Stock removal caused by rolling and sliding action of abrasive grains
• Lapped surface is dull and crater-like
• Material and lapping compound are not recycled
• Lapped parts are contaminated with lapping compound and require cleaning
• Lapping speeds are generally limited to < 1 m/s

Why use Fine Grinding?

General

• Accuracy results, previously only achieved by lapping
• The pellet structure allows a layout of the grinding medium, corresponding to the kinematics conditions
• Long and constant process cycles without dressing processes
• The space between the pellets allows a high flow rate of the coolant
• Very good chip flow without temperature problems
• High process quality, consistent repeatability of achieved values
• Also large surface work pieces can be machined
• Batch processing
• Work pieces are loosely held in carriers and therefore machined stress free (without distortion - especially for machining of thin or delicate parts)
• Work pieces of different shapes could be machined (i.e. round, rectangular or irregular; full surface or with cut-outs)
• Easily to be automated

 Fast

• High removal rate using super abrasive diamond and CBN (3 – 20 times faster than lapping)
• Possible saving of pre-machining steps
• Long intervals between resharpening
• High flexibility
• Automated solutions

Clean

• Recycling of coolant
• Tremendous less waste than with lapping
• Minimal work piece cleaning necessary
• Reduced downtime
• Cleaning of work pieces without problems by rinsing; in comparison to lapping ultrasonic or chemical cleaning is not necessary

Economic 

• High removal rate (reduces capital costs and personnel expenditure)
• Low wheel wear _ long life time of the grinding wheels (reduces the tool costs)
• Low waste disposal costs (reduces the current running costs)
• Low work piece cleaning costs (reduces the current running costs)
• Possible saving of additional machining steps
• Easy wheel maintenance _low tool manufacturing costs by using a “Standard-Pellet-Form”

hot and cold spark plugs explained

Introduction:

In order to ignite air fuel mixture we need heat.In case of diesel engines (compression ignition engines) this head is achieved by the compression of gases.But in case of spark ignition engines we need to have an external source to ignite air fuel mixture because compression is not enough to ignite the mixture.

A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

There are two types of spark plug :

• Hot Spark Plug
• Cold Spark Plug

“Cold” spark plugs normally have a short heat flow path. This results in a very quick rate of heat transfer. Additionally, the short insulator nose found on cold spark plugs has a small surface area, which does not allow for a massive amount of heat absorption.

On the other hand, “hot” spark plugs feature a longer insulator nose as well as a longer heat transfer path. This results in a much slower rate of heat transfer to the surrounding cylinder head.

The heat range of the spark plug must be carefully selected in order to create an optimal thermal performance. If the heat range is not correct, you can expect serious trouble. Typically, the appropriate firing end temperature is  900-1,450 degrees. Below 900 degrees, carbon fouling is possible. Above it, overheating becomes an issue.